'destructive' or from

ὀλοίτροχος, [dialect] Ep. [full] ὀλοοίτροχος, ὁ,

A large stone, boulder,

Ἕκτωρ ἀντικρὺ μεμαώς, ὀλοοίτροχος ὣς ἀπὸ πέτρης, ὅν τε κατὰ στεφάνης ποταμὸς χειμάρροος ὤσῃ ῥήξας.. ἔχματα πετρης Il.13.137

; = τὸ κυλινδρικὸν σχῆμα, Democr.162 ; of the rounded muscles of an athlete's arm,

ἕστασαν ἠΰτε πέτροι ὀλοίτροχοι, οὕστε κυλίνδων χειμάρρους ποταμὸς μεγάλαις περιέξεσε δίναις Theoc.22.49

; rolled down by besieged people upon their assailants, Hdt.8.52, Orac. ap. eund.5.92.β', X.An.4.2.3, Zos. 1.52. (The ancients derived it from ὀλοός 'destructive' or from ὅλος, and disagreed as to the breathing and accent, Sch.Il.l.c.)

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `destructive, sinister, ominous' (Il.).

Other forms: Also ὀλοιός (A 342, Χ 5, h. Ven. 224), ὀλώιος (Hes. Th. 591, Nonn.), οὑλοός (A. R.), voc. ὀλέ (Alcm. 55), ὀλόεις (S. Tr. 521, lyr.).

Compounds: As 1. member in ὀλοό-φρων `of ruinous intention, pondering on evil', of ὕδρος, λέων, σῦς κάπρος (Il.), also of Ἄτλας, Αἰήτης, Μίνως (Od.); see Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 69 f., Armstrong ClassRev. 63, 50; also ὀλο-εργός, - εργής `having a destructive effect' (Nic., Man.) with ο pushed out (cf. Schwyzer 252 f.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [777] * h₃elh₁- `destroy'

Etymology: To ὀλέ-σαι, ὄλε-θρος etc. (s. ὄλλυμι), so prob. through *ὀλε-Ϝός \> *ὀλο-Ϝός (J. Schmidt KZ 32, 332f., 337, Schwyzer 472 w. lit.). -- The formal variants are all secondary: ὀλοιός with οι for ο (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 168; cf. on οἰέτεας), οὑλοός with metr. lengthening and after οὖλος, ὀλώϊος after ὀλοφώϊος. ὀλόεις with poetical enlargement (Schw. 528 w. lit.), ὀλέ (voc.) from *ὀλοέ (or *ὀλε[F]έ?) with vowelloss; cf. ὤ μέλε and Hdn. 1, 154, 14.

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ἁμαρτία, ίας, ἡ (w. mngs. ranging fr. involuntary mistake/ error to serious offenses against a deity: Aeschyl., Antiphon, Democr.+; ins fr. Cyzicus JHS 27, 1907, p. 63 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτίαν μετανόει; PLips 119 recto, 3; POxy 1119, 11; LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:14; ParJer, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos; EpArist 192; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 69 al.; Ar. [Milne 76, 42]; Just., A I, 61, 6; 10; 66, 1, D. 13, 1 al.; Tat. 14, 1f; 20, 1; Mel., P. 50, 359; 55, 400; s. ClR 24, 1910, 88; 234; 25, 1911, 195–97).

① a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness

ⓐ sin (w. context ordinarily suggesting the level of heinousness), the action itself (ἁμάρτησις s. prec.), as well as its result (ἁμάρτημα), πᾶσα ἀδικία ἁ. ἐστίν 1J 5:17 (cp. Eur., Or. 649; Gen 50:17). ἁ. w. ἀνομήματα Hv 1, 3, 1; descr. as ἀνομία (cp. Ps 58:3; TestJob 43:17) 1J 3:4; but one who loves is far from sin Pol 3:3, cp. Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8, 1 Cl 49:5; Agr 13. ἀναπληρῶσαι τὰς ἁ. fill up the measure of sins (Gen 15:16) 1 Th 2:16. κοινωνεῖν ἁ. ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Ti 5:22. ποιεῖν ἁ. commit a sin (Tob 12:10; 14:7S; Dt 9:21) 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; Js 5:15; 1J 3:4, 8. For this ἁμαρτάνειν ἁ. (Ex 32:30; La 1:8) 1J 5:16; ἐργάζεσθαι ἁ. Js 2:9; Hm 4, 1, 2 (LXX oft. ἐργάζ. ἀδικίαν or ἀνομίαν). μεγάλην ἁ. ἐργάζεσθαι commit a great sin m 4, 1, 1; 8:2. Pl. (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a τὰ μεγάλα ἁμαρτήματα κ. ἀδικήματα) Hs 7:2. ἐπιφέρειν ἁ. τινί Hv 1, 2, 4. ἑαυτῷ ἁ. ἐπιφέρειν bring sin upon oneself m 11:4; for this ἁ. ἐπισπᾶσθαί τινι m 4, 1, 8 (cp. Is 5:18). προστιθέναι ταῖς ἁ. add to one’s sins (cp. προσέθηκεν ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας PsSol 3:10) Hv 5:7; m 4, 3, 7; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3; φέρειν ἁ. 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). ἀναφέρειν vs. 14 (Is 53:12). γέμειν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:11. εἶναι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 Cor 15:17 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 9 II 2 p. 129, 13 ἐν ἁμαρτήμασιν εἶναι).—Sin viewed from the perspective of God’s or Christ’s response: ἀφιέναι τὰς ἁ. let go = forgive sins (Lev 4:20 al.) Mt 9:2, 5f; Mk 2:5, 7, 9f; Lk 5:20ff; Hv 2, 2, 4; 1 Cl 50:5; 53:5 (Ex 32:32) al. (ἀφίημι 2); hence ἄφεσις (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. I 182, 4]) forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28; Mk 1:4; Lk 1:77; 3:3; 24:47; Ac 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; Hm 4, 3, 2; B 5:1; 6:11; 8:3; 11:1; 16:8. διδόναι ἄφεσιν ἁ. AcPl Ha 2, 30; λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁ. receive forgiveness of sins Ac 26:18 (Just., D. 54 al); καθαρίζειν τὰς ἁ. cleanse the sins (thought of as a stain) Hs 5, 6, 3; καθαρίζειν ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4; cp. Sir 23:10; PsSol 10:1); also καθαρισμὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁ. Hb 1:3; ἀπολούεσθαι τὰς ἁ. Ac 22:16 ([w. βαπτίζειν] Just., D. 13, 1 al.). λύτρον ἁ. ransom for sins B 19:10.—αἴρειν J 1:29; περιελεῖν ἁ. Hb 10:11; ἀφαιρεῖν (Ex 34:9; Is 27; 9) vs. 4; Hs 9, 28, 3; ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 60:3; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. ἀποσπασθῆναι AcPlCor 2:9. Sin as a burden αἱ ἁ. κατεβάρησαν Hs 9, 28, 6; as a disease ἰᾶσθαι Hs 9, 28, 5 (cp. Dt 30:3); s. also the verbs in question.—Looked upon as an entry in a ledger; hence ἐξαλείφεται ἡ ἁ. wiped away, cancelled (Ps 108:14; Jer 18:23; Is 43:25) Ac 3:19.—Opp. στῆσαι τὴν ἁ. 7:60; λογίζεσθαι ἁ. take account of sin (as a debt; cp. the commercial metaphor Ro 4:6 and s. FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. 104, n. 2) Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); 1 Cl 60:2 (Just., D. 141, 3). Pass. ἁ. οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται is not entered in the account Ro 5:13 (GFriedrich, TLZ 77, ’52, 523–28). Of sinners ὀφειλέτης ἁ. Pol 6:1 (cp. SIG 1042, 14–16 [II A.D.] ὸ̔ς ἂν δὲ πολυπραγμονήσῃ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ περιεργάσηται, ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννωι, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι).—γινώσκειν ἁ. (cp. Num 32:23) Ro 7:7; Hm 4, 1, 5. ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας Ro 3:20; ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁ. 1J 1:9; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁ. B 19:12; ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰς ἁ. Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; Hv 3, 1, 5f; Hs 9, 23, 4; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁ. confess your sins to each other Js 5:16.—ἐλέγχειν τινὰ περὶ ἁ. convict someone of sin J 8:46; cp. ἵνα σου τὰς ἁ. ἐλέγξω πρὸς τὸν κύριον that I might reveal your sins before the Lord Hv 1, 1, 5.—σεσωρευμένος ἁμαρτίαις loaded down w. sins 2 Ti 3:6; cp. ἐπισωρεύειν ταῖς ἁ. B 4:6; ἔνοχος τῆς ἁ. involved in the sin Hm 2:2; 4, 1, 5. μέτοχος τῆς ἁ. m 4, 1, 9.—In Hb sin is atoned for (ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁ. 2:17) by sacrifices θυσίαι ὑπὲρ ἁ. 5:1 (cp. 1 Cl 41:2). προσφορὰ περὶ ἁ. sin-offering 10:18; also simply περὶ ἁ. (Lev 5:11; 7:37) vss. 6, 8 (both Ps 39:7; cp. 1 Pt 3:18); προσφέρειν περὶ ἁ. bring a sin-offering Hb 5:3; cp. 10:12; 13:11. Christ has made the perfect sacrifice for sin 9:23ff; συνείδησις ἁ. consciousness of sin 10:2; ἀνάμνησις ἁ. a reminder of sins of the feast of atonement vs. 3.

ⓑ special sins (ἁ. τῆς ἀποστασίας Iren. 5, 26, 2 [Harv. II 397, 4]): πρὸς θάνατον that leads to death 1J 5:16b (ἁμαρτάνω e); opp. οὐ πρὸς θάνατον vs. 17. μεγάλη ἁ. a great sin Hv 1, 1, 8 al. (Gen 20:9; Ex 32:30 al.; cp. Schol. on Pla., Tht. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα). μείζων ἁ. m 11:4; ἥττων 1 Cl 47:4. μεγάλη κ. ἀνίατος Hm 5, 2, 4; τέλειαι ἁ. Hv 1, 2, 1; B 8:1, cp. τὸ τέλειον τῶν ἁ. 5:11 (Philo, Mos. 1, 96 κατὰ τῶν τέλεια ἡμαρτηκότων); ἡ προτέρα ἁ. (Arrian, Anab. 7, 23, 8 εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμάρτηκας) sin committed before baptism Hm 4, 1, 11; 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 11, 3; cp. v 2, 1, 2.

② a state of being sinful, sinfulness, a prominent feature in Johannine thought, and opposed to ἀλήθεια; hence ἁ. ἔχειν J 9:41; 15:24; 1J 1:8. μείζονα ἁ. ἔχειν J 19:11; ἁ. μένει 9:41. γεννᾶσθαι ἐν ἁμαρτίαις be born in sin 9:34 (ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ v.l).; opp. ἐν ἁ. ἀποθανεῖν die in sin 8:21, 24; AcPl Ha 1, 16. ἁ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 1J 3:5.

③ a destructive evil power, sin

ⓐ Paul thinks of sin almost in pers. terms (cp. Sir 27:10; Mel., P. 50, 359; PGM 4, 1448 w. other divinities of the nether world, also Ἁμαρτίαι χθόνιαι; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 119ff) as a ruling power that invades the world. Sin came into the world Ro 5:12 (JFreundorfer, Erbsünde u. Erbtod b. Ap. Pls 1927; ELohmeyer, ZNW 29, 1930, 1–59; JSchnitzer, D. Erbsünde im Lichte d. Religionsgesch. ’31; ROtto, Sünde u. Urschuld ’32; FDanker, Ro 5:12: Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’67/68, 424–39), reigns there vs. 21; 6:14; everything was subject to it Gal 3:22; people serve it Ro 6:6; are its slaves vss. 17, 20; are sold into its service 7:14 or set free from it 6:22; it has its law 7:23; 8:2; it revives (ἀνέζησεν) Ro 7:9 or is dead vs. 8; it pays its wages, viz., death 6:23, cp. 5:12 (see lit. s.v. ἐπί 6c). As a pers. principle it dwells in humans Ro 7:17, 20, viz., in the flesh (s. σάρξ 2cα) 8:3; cp. vs. 2; 7:25. The earthly body is hence a σῶμα τῆς ἁ. 6:6 (Col 2:11 v.l.).—As abstr. for concr. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁ. ὑπέρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (God) made him, who never sinned, to be sin (i.e. the guilty one) for our sakes 2 Cor 5:21.

ⓑ In Hb (as in OT) sin appears as the power that deceives humanity and leads it to destruction, whose influence and activity can be ended only by sacrifices (s. 1a end): ἀπάτη τῆς ἁ. Hb 3:13.—On the whole word s. ἁμαρτάνω, end. GMoore, Judaism I 445–52; ABüchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabb. Lit. of the I Cent. 1928; WKnuth, D. Begriff der Sünde b. Philon v. Alex., diss. Jena ’34; EThomas, The Problem of Sin in the NT 1927; Dodd 76–81; DDaube, Sin, Ignorance and Forgiveness in the Bible, ’61; AGelin and ADescamps, Sin in the Bible, ’65.—On the special question ‘The Christian and Sin’ see PWernle 1897; HWindisch 1908; EHedström 1911; RBultmann, ZNW 23, 1924, 123–40; Windisch, ibid. 265–81; RSchulz, D. Frage nach der Selbsttätigkt. d. Menschen im sittl. Leben b. Pls., diss. Hdlb. ’40.—JAddison, ATR 33, ’51, 137–48; KKuhn, πειρασμός ἁμαρτία σάρξ im NT: ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222; JBremer, Hamartia ’69 (Gk. views).—B. 1182. EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW.

οὖλος (A), η, ον, old [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. form of ὅλος,

A whole, entire, v. ὅλος.

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οὖλος (B), η, ον,

A woolly, of thick, fleecy wool,

τάπητες Il.16.224

;

χλαῖναι Od.4.50

, 299, etc.;

χλανίδες Hermipp.47.1

(anap.);

οὔλη λάχνη Il.10.134

;

χιτὼν οὔλων ἐρίων Ar.Ra. 1067

;

εἱμάτιον IG5(1).1390.21

(Andania, i B. C.); οὖλαι κόμαι crisp, close-curling hair, Od.6.231, 23.158, cf. Luc.Im.5;

βόστρυχος οὖλος AP6.201

(Marc. Arg.); οὐλότατον τρίχωμα, of the crisp, woolly hair of the negro, Hdt.7.70; also of persons,

οὖλος ἐθείραις Ἕσπερος Call.Del. 302

; σελίνων οὐλοτέρη, of a girl, AP5.120 (Phld.);

τοῖς τριχώμασιν οὖλοι D.S.3.8

; of sheep,

αἱ οὖλαι Arist.HA 596b6

;

ὥσπερ σέλινον οὖλα τὰ σκέλη φορεῖν Com.Adesp. 208

.

2 of plants, twisted, twined, curly, crinkled,

ἴων κορωνίδες οὖλαι Stesich.29

; οὔλης.. σκολιὸν πλέγμα.,. ἕλικος, of the vine, Simon.183. 2;

σέλινον Hp.Mul.2.181

;

φύλλον Thphr.HP9.4.3

;

θρίδακες AP9.412

(Phld.): neut. pl. as Adv., of smoke, curling,

οὖλα κυλινδόμενον Call. Fr.1.41P.

3 of wood, compact, tough, close-grained, Thphr.HP3.11.1,4.2.7, 5.3.7, Ph.Bel.66.51;

ξύλα οὔλας ἔχοντα συστροφάς Thphr. HP5.5.1

; δένδρον -ότερον τῇ ὄψει ib.3.9.6; οὖ. ὄστρακον tough, Babr. 115.10: hence metaph., like πυκνός, of speech, compact, concise,

οὖλα καὶ πυκνὰ καὶ συνεστραμμένα φθεγγομένους Plu.2.510e

; of dancing, rapid, in quick tempo,

πόδεσσι οὖλα κατεκροτάλιζον Call.Dian. 247

, cf. Jou.52; of rowing, Id.Epigr.6.5; and so perh. οὖλον κεκλήγοντες uttering quick (frequent) cries, Il.17.756, 759, cf. Sch. T and Eust.ad loc.; v. οὖλος (C). (Perh. cogn. with εἴλλω 'pack tightly together'.)

------------------------------------

οὖλος (C), η, ον,

A = ὀλοός, destructive, baneful, cruel, epith. of Ares, Il.5.461, 717; of Achilles, 21.536;

χεῖμα Bion 15.14

;

στόμιον Nic. Th. 233

;

οὖλος Ὄνειρος Il.2.6

,8; cruel,

Ἔρως A.R.3.297

, 1078.

2 οὖλον κεκλήγοντες, of the death-cry of birds flying from the hawk, Il. 17.756, 759 (but v. οὖλος (B) 3 fin.); so later

οὖλον γεράνων νέφος AP 7.543

; οὖλον ἀείδειν ib.27 (Antip. Sid.);

κνυζηθμὸν κυνὸς οὖλον Nic. Th. 671

.

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οὖλος (D), ὁ,

A corn-sheaf, = ἴουλος 11 (q.v.), Hsch.: hence, a cry or song in honour of Demeter, who was herself from this word named [full] Οὐλώ, Semus 19, Did. ap. Sch.A.R.1.972.

χραισμ-έω, [dialect] Ep. Verb (not in Od. or Hes.), [tense] pres. only in Nic.Th. 914: [tense] fut. [ per.] 3sg.

A

χραισμήσει Il.20.296

, [dialect] Ep. inf.

- ησέμεν 21.316

: [tense] aor. 1 [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

χραίσμησε 16.837

; inf.

χραισμῆσαι 11.120

: used by Hom. most freq. in [tense] aor. 2, [ per.] 3sg.

ἔχραισμε 14.66

, [dialect] Ep.

χραῖσμε 5.53

, 7.144; subj. [ per.] 3sg. χραίσμῃ, χραίσμῃσι, 1.28, 11.387; [ per.] 3pl.

χραίσμωσι 1.566

; inf. χραισμεῖν ib. 242, al.:—prop. ward off something destructive from one, c. acc. rei et dat. pers.,

οὐ κορύνη οἱ ὄλεθρον χραῖσμε σιδηρείη Il.7.144

;

οὐδέ τί οἱ χραισμήσει λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον 20.296

;

τοῖς οὔ τις δύνατο χραισμῆσαι ὄλεθρον Τρώων 11.120

: once c. acc. pers. (supplied), μή νύ τοι οὐ χραίσμωσιν [με] ἆσσον ἰόνθ' keep [me] off from you, 1.566.

2 more freq. c. dat. pers. only, defend, succour (though the notion of warding off injury is always implied), freq. in Il., 1.28, 5.53, al.: c. neut. Adj., χραισμεῖν τι assist, avail at all, 1.242, 21.193, al.; abs., 14.66, 15.652.—Hom. uses χραισμεῖν with negs. expressed or implied (in Il.21.193, εἰ δύναταί τι χραισμεῖν is ironical for οὔτι χ. δύναται), cf. 15.32. In positive clauses first in A.R.2.249, al.; imper.

χραίσμετε Id.2.218

. (Said by Sch.A.R.2.218 to belong to the dialect of the Clitorians in Arcadia.)

αἵρεσις, έσεως, ἡ (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; a term used in H. Gk. esp. in ref. to political preference or group loyalty as in SIG 675, 28 [II B.C.], where αἵ. is used in bonam partem, common in diplomatic correspondence: γίνωνται δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι ζηλωταὶ τῆς αὐτῆς αἱρέσεως).

① a group that holds tenets distinctive to it, sect, party, school, faction (of schools of philos. Diod S 2, 29, 6; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verb. 2 τ. Στωϊκῆς αἱ.; Diog. L. 1, 18 and 19, al.; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 34, 241; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 45, 32; HDiels, Doxographi Graeci 1879, index; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 13, 12, 10=Denis 224, col. 1, 13; Holladay 196; s. Nägeli 51; Poland 154).

ⓐ of the Sadducees, as sect Ac 5:17 (Jos., Ant. 13, 171; 20, 199). Of the Pharisees 15:5 (Jos., Vi. 10; 12; 191 al.). The latter described as ἡ ἀκριβεστάτη αἵ. τῆς ἡμετέρας θρησκείας the strictest sect of our religion 26:5. Of the Christians αἵρεσις τῶν Ναζωραίων 24:5; cp. vs. 14 and 28:22. The last three exx. incline toward sense b.

ⓑ in the later sense, heretical sect (Iren. 1, 11, 1 [Harv. I 98, 5]; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 54, 9) IEph 6:2; ITr 6:1; Epil Mosq 1. Cp. also the agraphon from Justin, Trypho 35 in JJeremias, Unknown Sayings 59–61. In general, WBauer, Rechtgläubigkeit u. Ketzerei im Aeltesten Christentum ’34, 2d ed. w. supplement, GStrecker, ’64; MMeinertz, Σχίσμα und αἵρεσις im NT: BZ 1, ’57, 114–18.

ⓒ w. negative connotation, dissension, a faction 1 Cor 11:19; Gal 5:20.

② that which distinguishes a group’s thinking, opinion, dogma (Philo, Plant. 151 κυνικὴ αἵ.) αἱ. ἀπωλείας destructive opinions 2 Pt 2:1 (perh. also in sense 1b).— Way of thinking (UPZ 20, 26 [163 B.C.]; 144, 10 al.) αἵ. ἔχειν hold to a way of thinking Hs 9, 23, 5 ( inclination is also possible: GDI 2746, 14; 2800, 7, both from Delphi).—DELG s.v. αἱρέω. M-M. TW. Sv.

κᾰκο-φθόρος, ον,

A destructive, deadly, Nic.Th. 795, Al. 168: heterocl. gen. κακοφθορέος (as if from [suff] κᾰκο-φθορεύς) ib. 465.

σείριος, ὁ, name of the

A dog-star, Sirius, whose visible heliacal rising marked the season of greatest heat (cf. Gem.17.39), Hes.Op. 587, 609, Sc. 153, 397, Alc.39, E.Hec. 1104 (lyr.);

Σείριος κύων A.Ag. 967

, S.Fr. 803;

Σείριος ἀστήρ Hes.Op. 417

:—of the sun, acc. to Hsch., in Archil.61, cf.

ἀκτὶς Σειρία Lyc.397

and Sch. ad loc.;

σ. ἠέλιος Orph.A. 120

; of stars, Ibyc.3, Alcm.23.62, cf. E.Fr.779.8 cod. Longin., of a bright planet, Id.IA7 (acc. to Theo Sm. p.146 H., dub., anap.).

2 Adj. destructive,

σείριαι νᾶες Tim.Pers.

192.

3 σείριον πάθος, = σειρίασις, Sor.1.124.

4 σείριον (sc. ἱμάτιον), a light summer garment, Harp. s.v. σείρινα, Phot. s.v. σειρῆνα. (Suid. derives it from a form [full] σείρ gen. σειρός, = ἥλιος, which is suspect.)

δύναμις, εως, ἡ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) gener. ‘capability’, with emphasis on function.

① potential for functioning in some way, power, might, strength, force, capability

ⓐ general, λαμβάνειν δ. receive power Ac 1:8 (cp. Epict. 1, 6, 28; 4, 1, 109; Tat. 16, 1 δραστικωτέρας δ.); ἰδίᾳ δ. by one’s own capability 3:12. Of kings τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ διδόασιν Rv 17:13 (cp. Just., A I, 17, 3 βασιλικῆς δ.).—Of God’s power (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 66, 33 Jac. θεῶν δ., Diod S 1, 20, 6 τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν δύναμιν of Osiris’ function as benefactor to humanity; 5, 71, 6; 27, 12, 1; 34 + 35 Fgm. 28, 3; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 70, 75; 84; 23 [40], 36; Herm. Wr. 14, 9 ὁ θεὸς …, ἡ [ᾧ v.l.] πᾶσα δύναμις τοῦ ποιεῖν πάντα; PGM 4, 641; 7, 582; 12, 250; LXX; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 13, 12, 4; 7 [Fgm. 4, ln. 22 p. 164; ln. 84 p. 172]; EpArist; Jos., Ant. 8, 109; 9, 15; SibOr 3, 72; Just., A I, 32, 11 al.) Mt 22:29; Mk 12:24; Lk 22:69; Ro 1:16, 20 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 167 God is known through his δ.); 9:17 (Ex 9:16); 1 Cor 1:18, 24; 2:5; 6:14; 2 Cor 4:7; 6:7; 13:4; Eph 3:7; 2 Ti 1:8; 1 Pt 1:5; Rv 1:16; 11:17; 12:10; 15:8; cp. 2 Cor 12:9a; Rv 5:12; 1 Cl 11:2; 33:3; Dg 7:9; 9:1f; δ. ὑψίστου Lk 1:35. In doxology (1 Ch 29:11f; on the doxol. in the Lord’s Prayer HSchumaker, Cath. World 160, ’45, 342–49) Mt 6:13 v.l.; D 8:2; 9:4; 10:5. Cp. Rv 4:11; 7:12; 19:1.—IMg 3:1; ISm 1:1; Hv 3, 3, 5; m 5, 2, 1; PtK 2. Hence God is actually called δ. (Philo, Mos. 1, 111, Mut. Nom. 29; Ath. 16, 2) Mt 26:64; Mk 14:62 (cp. Wsd 1:3; 5:23 and Dalman, Worte 164f). Christ possesses a θεία δ. (this expr. in Aristot., Pol. 4 [7], 4, 1326a 32; PGM 12, 302 al.; s. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 40, 20 al.; Did., Gen. 60, 8; s. θεῖος 1a) 2 Pt 1:3; cp. 1:16 and 1 Cor 5:4; of Christ’s potential to achieve someth. through Paul 2 Cor 12:9b (cp. SEG XXXIV, 1308, 5f [50 B.C.–50 A.D.]). In Hs 9, 26, 8, the potential associated with the women in black leads to destruction. δ. leaves Christ at his death GPt 5:19 (s. LVaganay, L’Évangile de Pierre 1930, 108; 254ff). ἐν τῇ τοῦ κυρίου δ. AcPlCor 2:39.— Power of the Holy Spirit (Jos., Ant. 8, 408; Just., D. 87, 4f al.) Lk 4:14; Ac 1:8; Ro 15:13, 19 (ἐν δ. πν. [θεοῦ]); Hm 11:2, 5. ἐν ἀποδείξει πνεύματος καὶ δυνάμεως 1 Cor 2:4; cp. ἐγείρεται ἐν δ. 15:43, foll. by σῶμα πνευμάτικον. δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι be strengthened in power (i.e. with ability to function) by the Spirit Eph 3:16. Hence the Spirit given the Christian can be called πνεῦμα δυνάμεως, i.e. in contrast to an unenterprising spirit, πνεῦμα δειλίας, God offers one that functions aggressively, 2 Ti 1:7; cp. 1 Pt 4:14 v.l.; AcPl Ha 8, 25/BMM 32f/Ox 1602, 39. The believers are ἐν πάσῃ δ. δυναμούμενοι equipped w. all power Col 1:11; cp. Eph 1:19; 3:20 (for Eph 1:19 cp. 1QH 14:23; 11:29 al.; for Eph 3:16, 6:10 cp. 1QH 7:17, 19; 12:35; 1QM 10:5; see KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 336); esp. the apostles and other people of God Lk 24:49; Ac 4:33; 6:8; cp. AcPl Ha 6, 21. ἐν πνεύματι καὶ δ. Ἠλίου Lk 1:17.—Of the devil’s destructive capability Lk 10:19; cp. Rv 13:2. ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ νόμος what gives sin its power to function is the law 1 Cor 15:56.

ⓑ specif., the power that works wonders (SEG VIII, 551, 39 [I B.C.]; POxy 1381, 206ff; PGM 4, 2449; 12, 260ff; Just., D. 49, 8 κρυφία δ.; s. JZingerle, Heiliges Recht 1926, 10f; JRöhr, D. okkulte Kraftbegriff im Altertum 1923, 14f) Mt 14:2; Mk 6:14; Hv 1, 3, 4. ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ θεός δυνάμει (God endowed him to perform miracles) Ac 10:38 (Dio Chrys. 66 [16], 10 of Jason: χρισάμενος δυνάμει τινί, λαβὼν παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας; Diod S 4, 51, 1 τ. τρίχας δυνάμεσί τισι χρίσασα=she anointed her hair with certain potions; 4, 51, 4; 17, 103, 4 ὁ σίδηρος κεχριμένος ἦν φαρμάκου δυνάμει=with a poisonous potion. Diod S 1, 97, 7 a powerful medium=φάρμακον; s. ἐξουσία 7; also RAC II 415–58). τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ δ. ἐξελθοῦσαν potency emanated from him Mk 5:30; cp. Lk 8:46; δ. παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἐξήρχετο 6:19; cp. 5:17; perh. also (but s. 3 below) Gal 3:5; 1 Cor 12:28f (on the pl. δυνάμεις s. X., Cyr. 8, 8, 14; Herm. Wr. 13, 8 al.; on this ADieterich, E. Mithraslit. 1903, 46f; cp. PKöhn VI, 245, 18 Athena; for parallels and lit. s. Ptocheia [=ASP 31] ’91, 55). ἐν δ. with power, powerful(ly) (TestJob 47:9; Synes., Ep. 90 p. 230d τοὺς ἐν δ.) Mk 9:1; Ro 1:4; Col 1:29; 2 Th 1:11; μετὰ δυνάμεως Mt 24:30; Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27.—κατὰ δύναμιν w. gen. (Lucian, Imag. 3) by the power of Hb 7:16. Hebraist.=δυνατός (but readily understood in the Greek world as a defining gen., e.g. λόγου ἄνοια=vocal frenzy Soph. Antig. 603; s. Judg 3:29; 20:46 [ἄνδρες δυνάμεως B =ἄνδρες δυνατοί A]; Wsd 5:23): τῷ ῥήματι τῆς δ. αὐτοῦ by his powerful word 1:3; μετʼ ἀγγέλων δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ w. messengers of his power i.e. angels who exercise Jesus’ power 2 Th 1:7 (unless this is to be rendered with KJV et al. his mighty angels) (cp. En 20:1; GrBar 1:8; 2:6); μὴ ἔχων δ. powerless Hv 3, 11, 2; m 9:12. ἰσχυρὰν δ. ἔχειν be very powerful m 5, 2, 3; cp. 9:11; ἐν ποίᾳ δ.; by what power? (s. under 5) Ac 4:7. ὕψος δυνάμεως pride in (one’s) power B 20:1.—Effectiveness in contrast to mere word or appearance 1 Cor 4:19f; 1 Th 1:5. ἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας, τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι they have the outward appearance of piety, but deny its function 2 Ti 3:5 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 409 τὸ ὄνομα τ. βασιλείας εἶχεν, τ. δὲ δύναμιν οἱ Φαρισαῖοι=[Alexandra] bore the title queen, but the Pharisees were in control). δ. πίστεως the power of faith in contrast to verbal profession IEph 14:2. Sim. δ. w. ἐξουσία (Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 65) potent authority i.e. the word of Jesus is not only authoritative but functions effectively ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ, for the unclean spirits depart Lk 4:36; 9:1.—W. ἰσχύς 2 Pt 2:11 (Ath. 24, 2); w. ἐνέργεια Hm 6, 1, 1 (cp. Galen X, 635); τὴν δ. τῆς ἀναστάσεως the effectiveness of his (Christ’s) resurrection, which brings about the resurrection of the believers Phil 3:10.—Of the peculiar power inherent in a thing (of the healing power of medicines since Hippocr.; cp. Diod S 1, 20, 4; 1, 97, 7; 17, 103, 4; Plut., Mor. 157d al.; Dio Chrys. 25 [42], 3; Galen, Comp. Med. XIII 707 K.). δ. πυρός Hb 11:34 (Diod S 15, 50, 3 δ. τοῦ φωτός=the intensity of the light).

② ability to carry out someth., ability, capability (cp. Democrit, Fgm. B 234; Pla., Philb. 58d; cp. Aristot., Metaph. 4, 12, 1019a 26; Epict. 2, 23, 34; 4 Km 18:20; Ruth 3:11; Jos., Ant. 10, 54; Just., D. 4, 1) δύναμιν εἰς καταβολὴν σπέρματος Hb 11:11 (s. entry καταβολή). κατὰ δύναμιν according to ability (Diod S 14, 81, 6 v.l.; SIG 695, 9; 44 [129 B.C.]; PGM 4, 650; POxy 1273, 24; BGU 1050, 14; Sir 29:20; Jos., Ant. 3, 102; Just., A II, 13, 6; also ὅση δ. A I, 13, 1; 55, 8 al.; ὡς δ. μου D. 80, 5) 2 Cor 8:3a; ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δ. to each according to his special capability (cp. SIG 695, 55) Mt 25:15; AcPl Ha 7, 17. Opp. beyond one’s ability ὑπὲρ δύναμιν (Demosth. 18, 193; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 1 §3; 2, 13 §49; POxy 282, 8; Sir 8:13) 2 Cor 1:8 or παρὰ δ. (Thu. 3, 54, 4; PPetr II, 3b, 2 [III B.C.]; POxy 1418, 3; Jos., Ant. 14, 378) 8:3b.

③ a deed that exhibits ability to function powerfully, deed of power, miracle, wonder (Ael. Aristid. 40, 12 K.=5 p. 59 D.: δυνάμεις ἐμφανεῖς; 42, 4 K.=6 p. 64 D. al.; Eutecnius 4 p. 41, 13; POxy 1381, 42; 90f τ. δυνάμεις ἀπαγγέλλειν; Steinleitner, nos. 3, 7f and 17; 8, 10 [restored] al.; Ps 117:15; Just., A I, 26, 22 al.) w. σημεῖα 2 Th 2:9; also in pl. Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12; Hb 2:4; in this sense δ. stands mostly in pl. δυνάμεις Mt 7:22; 11:20f, 23; 13:54, 58; Mk 6:2; 9:39; Lk 10:13; 19:37; Ac 8:13; 19:11; 1 Cor 12:10, 28f; Gal 3:5 (on the two last pass. s. 1b above); Hb 6:5. Sg. Mk 6:5.

④ someth. that serves as an adjunct of power, resource μικρὰν ἔχειν δ. have few resources Rv 3:8. Also wealth (X., An. 7, 7, 36, Cyr. 8, 4, 34; Dt 8:17f) ἐκ τῆς δ. τοῦ στρήνους fr. the excessive wealth Rv 18:3. Esp. of military forces (Hdt. et al. very oft.; cp. OGI ind. VIII; LXX; Jos., Ant. 18, 262; Just., D 131, 3), even of the heavenly bodies thought of as armies δ. τῶν οὐρανῶν the armies of heaven (Is 34:4 v.l.; 4 Km 17:16; Da 8:10 Theod.; En 18:14) Mt 24:29; Lk 21:26; cp. Mk 13:25.

⑤ an entity or being, whether human or transcendent, that functions in a remarkable manner, power as a personal transcendent spirit or heavenly agent/angel ([cp. Pla., Crat. 438c] Aristot., Met. 4, 12, 1019a, 26 divinities δυνάμεις [likewise TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 21=Stone p. 36] λέγονται; Eth. Epic. col. 9, 16, w. θεοι; Porphyr., Abst. 2, 2 p. 133 Nauck δαίμοσιν ἢ θεοῖς ἤ τισι δυνάμεσιν θῦσαι; Sallust. 15 p. 28, 15 αἱ ἄνω δυνάμεις; Herm. Wr. 1, 26; 13, 15; Synes., Ep. 57 p. 191b; PGM 4, 3051; 4 Macc 5:13; Philo, Conf. Lingu. 171, Mut. Nom. 59) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 1 Pt 3:22; αἱ δ. τοῦ σατανᾶ IEph 13:1. (Cp. αἱ πονηραὶ δ., διάβολος καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ Did., Gen. 45, 4.) θεὸς ἀγγέλων καὶ δ. MPol 14:1 (cp. the ins in FCumont, Étud. syr. 1917, p. 321, 5 ὁ θεὸς τ. δυνάμεων=BCH 26, 1902, 176; Just., D. 85, 6 ἄγγελοι … καὶ δ.)—Desig. of a personal divine being as a power (i.e. an effective intermediary or expression; s. DDD 509–16) of the most high God (Ael. Aristid. 37, 28 K.=2 p. 27 D.: Athena as δ. τοῦ Διός; Just., A I, 14, 5 δ. θεοῦ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ ἦν; cp. 23, 2; Tat. 5, 1) οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ δύναμις τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη this man is what is called the Great Power of God Ac 8:10 (cp. ins of Saïttaï in Lydia εἷς θεὸς ἐν οὐρανοῖς μέγας Μὴν οὐράνιος, μεγάλη δύναμις τοῦ ἀθανάτου θεοῦ: ILydiaKP 110; PGM 4, 1275ff ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὴν μεγίστην δύναμιν τὴν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ὑπὸ κυρίου θεοῦ τεταγμένην. S. New Docs 1, 107. Cp. HKippenberg, Garizim u. Synagoge: RVV ’71, 122–24.—GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 8f; WSpiegelberg, Die ägypt. Gottheit der ‘Gotteskraft’: Ztschr. f. äg. Sprache 57, 1922, 145ff; FPreisigke, D. Gotteskraft der frühchristl. Zeit 1922).

⑥ the capacity to convey thought, meaning (Pla., Crat. 394b; Polyb. 20, 9, 11; Dionys. Hal. 1, 68; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 19; Cass. Dio 55, 3; Philo, Congr. Erud. Gr. 125; Just., D. 125, 1 ἡ δ. τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ὀνόματος; 138, 1 ὀγδόης ἡμέρας … δυνάμει … πρώτης) of language 1 Cor 14:11; of stones Hv 3, 4, 3; cp. 3, 8, 6f.—OSchmitz, D. Begriff δ. bei Pls: ADeissmann Festschr. 1927, 139–67; WGrundmann, D. Begriff d. Kraft in d. ntl. Gedankenwelt ’32; Dodd 16–20; EFascher, Dynamis Theou: ZTK n. s. 19, ’38, 82–108; LBieler, Δύναμις u. ἐξουσία: Wiener Studien 55, ’38, 182–90; AForster, The Mng. of Power for St. Paul, ATR 32, ’50, 177–85; MBarré, CBQ 42, ’80, 216–27 (contrast w. ‘weakness’ in Qumran lit.)—DELG. Lampe s.v. δύναμις VI B and VII. RAC IV 441–51. EDNT. M-M. TW.

παρεισάγω fut. παρεισάξω; 2 aor. παρεισήγαγον (Ar., Tat.); pf. pass. inf. παρεισῆχθαι (Tat. 21, 3) (s. next entry; Isocr. et al.; Polyb. 3, 63, 2; UPZ 162 VIII, 4 [117 B.C.]; EpArist 20; Ar., Tat.) to bring in someth. that becomes an addition to someth., bring in, introduce of beliefs (Polyb. 6, 56, 12 of theological views; Diod S 1, 96, 5 of the introduction of Egyptian doctrines into Greece; Heraclit. Sto. 30 p. 45, 7; 43 p. 64, 17; Plut., Mor. 328d of alien divinities; sim. Ar. 8, 2 al. In none of these passages does the word connote malicious or secretive procedures; for such connotation, which is not necessarily implied in 2 Pt 2:1, s. Polyb. 1, 18, 3; 2, 7, 8; Diod S 12, 41, 4 οἱ προδόται τοὺς στρατιώτας παρεισαγαγόντες ἐντὸς τῶν τειχῶν κυρίους τῆς πόλεως ἐποίησαν; cp. next entry and the context of Gal 2:4, where semantic qualifiers differ from those within the Petrine passage) οἵτινες παρεισάξουσιν αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας who will introduce/bring in destructive opinions 2 Pt 2:1 (of sectarians also, Hegesippus in Eus., HE 4, 22, 5; Hippol., Ref. 5, 17, 10; 7, 29, 8).—M-M. TW.

ποιμαίνω (ποιμήν) fut. ποιμανῶ; 1 aor. ἐποίμανα Ps 77:72, impv. 2 pl. ποιμάνατε 1 Pt 5:2; fut. pass. 2 sg. ποιμανθήσῃ Ps 36:3 (Hom.+) ‘to herd, act as a shepherd’.

① to serve as tender of sheep, herd, tend, (lead to) pasture (Did., Gen. 60, 12), w. acc. (Jos., Ant. 2, 264) π. ποίμνην tend a flock 1 Cor 9:7. Abs. (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 13 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 1, 309) δοῦλος ποιμαίνων a slave tending sheep Lk 17:7.—Dalman (as cited under ἀμφιβάλλω).

② to watch out for other people, to shepherd, of activity that protects, rules, governs, fosters, fig. ext. of 1:

ⓐ in the sense of lead, guide, or rule (Eur., Fgm. 744 TGF στρατόν; Ps.-Lucian, Amor. 54 τ. ἀμαθεῖς).

α. w. imagistic detail prominently in mind: of the direction of a congregation ποιμαίνειν τὸ ποίμνιον τοῦ θεοῦ tend God’s flock 1 Pt 5:2 (PsSol 17:40 ποιμαίνων τὸ ποίμνιον κυρίου ἐν πίστει κ. δικαιοσύνῃ). ποίμαινε τὰ πρόβατά μου J 21:16.

β. w. imagistic detail retreating into the background (cp. 1 Ch 11:2; Mi 7:14; Jer 23:2): of the administration of a congregation ποιμ. τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 20:28.—Of the Messiah ποιμανεῖ τὸν λαόν μου Ἰσραήλ (cp. 2 Km 5:2; 7:7.—Himerius, Or. 39 [=Or. 5], 8 Ἀττικὴ Μοῦσα ποιμαίνει τὴν πόλιν, i.e. Thessalonica) Mt 2:6. Of death: θάνατος ποιμανεῖ αὐτούς 1 Cl 51:4 (Ps 48:15). The latter pass. forms a transition to several others in which

γ. the activity as ‘shepherd’ has destructive results (cp. Jer 22:22 and s. ELohmeyer, Hdb. on Rv 2:27) ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ (after Ps 2:9) Rv 2:27; 12:5; 19:15 (cp. Heraclitus Fgm. 11 πᾶν ἑρπετὸν πληγῇ νέμεται=everything that creeps is shepherded by a blow [from God]. Pla., Critias 109b alludes to this).

ⓑ protect, care for, nurture (Aeschyl., Eumen. 91 ἱκέτην; Pla., Lys. 209a τὸ σῶμα) αὐτούς Rv 7:17 (cp. Ps 22:1; Ezk 34:23). π. ἑαυτόν look after oneself i.e. care for oneself alone (cp. Ezk 34:2) Jd 12.—B. 146. DELG s.v. ποιμήν. M-M. TW.